Marianna
de Abreu Costa
Pós-doutoranda em Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de
Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
Alexander Moreira-Almeida
Núcleo de Pesquisas em Espiritualidade e Saúde,
NUPES, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Juiz de
Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
Resumo
Sabe-se que a religiosidade e a espiritualidade
(R/E) impactam a saúde física e mental e há
um crescente reconhecimento por entidades clínicas e científicas
da necessidade de se abordar R/E na prática, em especial
no contexto psicoterápico. Revisões sistemáticas
mostraram a eficácia da terapia cognitivo-comportamental
(TCC) adaptada à diversas religiões. No entanto, não
há diretrizes que abordem o espiritismo, terceira maior religião
do Brasil e que tem uma influência sobre a sociedade brasileira
já que suas crenças e práticas são frequentemente
adotadas por pessoas de outras filiações religiosas.
Dessa forma, o presente estudo pretende cobrir duas importantes
lacunas na literatura: a dissociação que existe entre
o corpo de evidências e a prática clínica e
a falta de estudos que abordem o espiritismo. Dessa forma, descrições
práticas das técnicas de TCC adaptadas ao contexto
espírita são apresentadas, ressaltando-se a necessidade
da intervenção ética e centrada no paciente.
Biografia
do Autor
Marianna de Abreu Costa, Pós-doutoranda
em Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz
de Fora, MG, Brasil
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6819156609645875
Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Núcleo de Pesquisas
em Espiritualidade e Saúde, NUPES, Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9072644751174322
Referências
Chida Y, Steptoe A, Powell LH. Religiosity/spirituality
and mortality. A systematic quantitative review. Psychother Psychosom.
2009;78(2):81-90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000190791 PMID:19142047
Koenig HG. Research on religion, spirituality,
and mental health: a review. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54(5):283-91.
https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400502 PMID:19497160
Moreira-Almeida A, Mosqueiro BP, Bhugra D, editors.
Spirituality and mental health across cultures. New York: Oxford
University Press; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846833.001.0001
VanderWeele TJ, Li S, Tsai AC, Kawachi I. Association
between religious service attendance and lower suicide rates among
US women. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(8):845-51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1243
PMID:27367927 PMCID:PMC7228478
Moreira-Almeida A, Sharma A, van Rensburg BJ, Verhagen
PJ, Cook CCH. WPA position statement on spirituality and religion
in psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(1):87-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20304
- PMID:26833620 PMCID:PMC4780301
Hackett C, Grim BJ, Stonawski M, Skirbekk V, Potancoková
M, Abel G. The global religious landscape: a report on the size
and distribution of the world's major religious groups as of 2010.
Washington: Pew Research Center; 2012. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4573.8884
Baetz M, Griffin R, Bowen R, Marcoux G. Spirituality
and psychiatry in Canada: psychiatric practice compared with patient
expectations. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49(4):265-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900407
- PMID:15147025
Post BC, Wade NG. Religion and spirituality in
psychotherapy: a practice-friendly review of research. J Clin Psychol.
2009;65(2):131-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20563 - PMID:19132737
Pargament KI. Spiritually integrated psychotherapy:
understanding and addressing the sacred. New York: Guilford Press;
2011.
Zimpel RR, Mosqueiro BP, Rocha NS. Espiritualidade
como mecanismo de coping em transtornos mentais. Debates Psiquiatr.
2015;5(2):28-30. https://doi.org/10.25118/2763-9037.2015.v5.172
Johnson CV, Hayes JA, Wade NG. Psychotherapy with
troubled spirits: a qualitative investigation. Psychother Res. 2007;17(4):450-60.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300600953520
Pearce MJ, Koenig HG, Robins CJ, Nelson B, Shaw
SF, Cohen H J, King MB. Religiously integrated cognitive behavioral
therapy: a new method of treatment for major depression in patients
with chronic medical illness. Psychotherapy. 2015;52(1):56–66.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036448
Hook JN, Worthington EL Jr, Davis DE, Jennings
DJ 2nd, Gartner AL, Hook JP. Empirically supported religious and
spiritual therapies. J Clin Psychol. 2010;66(1):46-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20626
- PMID:19904806
Worthington EL Jr, Hook JN, Davis DE, McDaniel
MA. Religion and spirituality. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(2):204-14.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20760 - PMID:21108313
Lim C, Sim K, Renjan V, Sam HF, Quah SL. Adapted
cognitive-behavioral therapy for religious individuals with mental
disorder: a systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014;9:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.12.011
- PMID:24813028
Anderson N, Heywood-Everett S, Siddiqi N, Wright
J, Meredith J, McMillan D. Faith-adapted psychological therapies
for depression and anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Affect Disord. 2015;176:183-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.019
- PMID:25723562
Gonçalves JPB, Lucchetti G, Menezes PR,
Vallada H. Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health
care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled
clinical trials. Psychol Med. 2015;45(14):2937-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001166
- PMID:26200715 - PMCID:PMC4595860
Armento MEA. Behavioral activation of religious
behaviors: treating depressed college students with a randomized
controlled trial [dissertation]. [Knoxville]: University of Tennessee;
2011. 111 p. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1052
Bowland S, Edmond T, Fallot RD. Evaluation of a
spiritually focused intervention with older trauma survivors. Soc
Work. 2012;57(1):73-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swr001 PMID:22768630
Ebrahimi A, Neshatdoost HT, Mousavi SG, Asadollahi
GA, Nasiri H. Controlled randomized clinical trial of spirituality
integrated psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication
intervention on depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes
in patients with dysthymic disorder. Adv Biomed Res. 2013;2:53.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.114201 - PMID:24516853 - PMCID:PMC3905344
Johnson WB, Ridley CR. Brief christian and non-christian
rational-emotive therapy with depressed christian clients: an exploratory
study. Couns Values. 1992;36(3):220-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1992.tb00790.x
Koenig HG, Pearce MJ, Nelson B, Shaw SF, Robins
CJ, Daher NS, Cohen HJ, Berk LS, Bellinger DL, Pargament KI, Rosmarin
DH, Vasegh S, Kristeller J, Juthani N, Nies D, King MB. Religious
vs. conventional cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression
in persons with chronic medical illness: a pilot randomized trial.
J Nerv Ment Dis. 2015;203(4):243-51. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000273
- PMID:25816046
Pecheur DR, Edwards KJ. A comparison of secular
and religious versions of cognitive therapy with depressed Christian
College students. J Psychol Theol. 1984;12(1):45-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718401200106
Propst LR. The comparative efficacy of religious
and nonreligious imagery for the treatment of mild depression in
religious individuals. Cognit Ther Res. 1980;4(2):167-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173648
Propst LR, Ostrom R, Watkins P, Dean T, Mashburn
D. Comparative efficacy of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral
therapy for the treatment of clinical depression in religious individuals.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(1):94-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.60.1.94
- PMID:1556292
Razali SM, Aminah K, Khan UA. Religious-cultural
psychotherapy in the management of anxiety patients. Transcult Psychiatry.
2002;39(1):130-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346150203900106
Zhang Y, Young D, Lee S, Zhang H, Xiao Z, Hao W,
Feng Y, Zhou H, Chang DF. Chinese taoist cognitive psychotherapy
in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in contemporary
China. Transcult Psychiatry. 2002;39(1):115-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346150203900105
Costa MA, Moreira-Almeida A. Religion-adapted cognitive
behavioral therapy: a review and description of techniques. J Relig
Health. 2022;61:443-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01345-z
- PMID:34518980 - PMCID:PMC8837510
Menegatti-Chequini MC, Gonçalves JPB, Leão
FC, Peres MFP, Vallada H. A preliminary survey on the religious
profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients'
religiosity in clinical practice. BJPsych Open. 2016;2(6):346-52.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.002816 - PMID:27847592
PMCID:PMC5099984
Menegatti-Chequini MC, Maraldi EO, Peres MFP, Leão
FC, Vallada H. How psychiatrists think about religious and spiritual
beliefs in clinical practice: findings from a university hospital
in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019;41(1):58-65.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2447 - PMID:30427386 - PMCID:PMC6781700
Paulino PRV. Religiosidade/espiritualidade em uma
amostra nacional de psicólogos brasileiros: perfil e implicações
na prática profissional [dissertação]. [Juiz
de Fora]: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2019. 237 p. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/12370
Moreira-Almeida A, Koenig HG, Lucchetti G. Clinical
implications of spirituality to mental health: review of evidence
and practical guidelines. Braz J Psychiatry. 2014;36(2):176-82.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1255 - PMID:24839090
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
Censo - amostra religião. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro
de Geografia e Estatística; 2010. https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pesquisa/23/22107
Datafolha Instituto de Pesquisas. [local desconhecido]:
Datafolha; 2007. http://media.folha.uol.com.br/datafolha/2013/05/02/religiao_03052007.pdf
Carvalho ACP. Orientações ao Centro
Espírita. Organizado pela equipe da Secretaria Geral do Conselho
Federativo Nacional. Rio de Janeiro: Federação Espírita
Brasileira; 2007.
Pimentel MG. O método de Allan Kardec para
investigação dos fenômenos mediúnicos
(1854-1869) [dissertação]. [Juiz de Fora]: Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2014. 156 p. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/513
Kardec A. O que é o espiritismo: introdução
ao conhecimento do mundo invisível, pelas manifestações
dos espíritos. 56. ed. Brasília: Federação
Espírita Brasileira; 2013. https://www.febnet.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/o-que-e-o-espiritismo.pdf
Moreira-Almeida A, Lotufo Neto F. Spiritist views
of mental disorders in Brazil. Transcult Psychiatry. 2005;42(4):570-95.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461505058916 - PMID:16570518
Kardec A. O céu e o inferno: ou a justiça
divina segundo o espiritismo. 61. ed. Brasília: Federação
Espírita Brasileira; 2013. https://www.febnet.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ceu-e-inferno-Manuel-Quintao.pdf
Kardec A. O evangelho segundo o espiritismo. 131.
ed. Brasília: Federação Espírita Brasileira;
2013.
Stroppa A, Moreira-Almeida A. Religiosity, mood
symptoms, and quality of life in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord.
2013;15(4):385-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12069 - PMID:23601141
Kardec A. O livro dos espíritos: princípios
da doutrina espírita. 93. ed. Brasília: Federação
Espírita Brasileira; 2013. https://www.febnet.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Livro-dos-Espiritos.pdf
VanderWeele TJ, Balboni TA, Koh HK. Invited commentary:
religious service attendance and implications for clinical care,
community participation, and public health. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(1):31-5.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab134 PMID:33977296 - PMCID:PMC8751781
Pearce MJ, Koenig HG, Robins CJ, Daher N, Shaw
SF, Nelson B, Berk LS, Bellinger D, Cohen HJ, King MB. Effects of
religious versus conventional cognitive-behavioral therapy on generosity
in major depression and chronic medical illness: a randomized clinical
trial. Spiritual Clin Pract (Wash D C ). 2015;2(3):202-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000076
Kardec A. A gênese: os milagres e as predições
segundo o espiritismo. 2. ed. Brasília: Federação
Espírita Brasileira; 2013. https://www.febnet.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/A-genese_Noleto.pdf
Rosmarin DH. Spirituality, religion, and cognitive-behavioral
therapy: a guide for clinicians. New York: Guilford Press; 2018.
* * *
artigo
em pdf -> clique aqui para acessar o texto
